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Palm oil is a kind of tropical woody vegetable oil, which is the largest variety of vegetable oil produced, consumed and internationally traded in the world at present. With soybean oil and rapeseed oil, it is also known as "the three major vegetable oils in the world". It has a edible history of more than 5,000 years.
The fresh palm fruit string is 100% of the total palm fruit string, the proportion of empty fruit string is 23%, the palm fruit is 65%), and the palm oil content of the whole palm fruit string is (26%), and the palm kernel oil content is 3.25%.
Preparation Technology and equipment of Palm crude Oil
The traditional process adopts steam brake fermentation, the technology is mature, the disadvantage is to produce a lot of wastewater, has a great impact on the environment.
The process mainly has the following sections. Raw material storage section: fresh palm fruit is measured and recorded into the factory by pound room, and the measured palm fruit string is unloaded to the loading slope and stored.
Sterilizer section: place palm fruit string in horizontal killing enzyme tank or vertical sterillizer for 90-120 minutes. The purpose of sterillizer is to destroy lipase to avoid the increase of free fatty acid content in oil; high temperature sterillizer can make the fruit soft and facilitate mechanical granulation; pretreatment of pericarp to prepare for subsequent processing; preconditioning of fruit core to reduce kernel damage.
sterillizer process: after palm fruit enters the sterillizer, closes thesterillizer to close the door quickly, opens the exhaust valve below the sterillizer, and then passes into the saturated steam of pressure 3bar (temperature about 145 ºC). After the cold air in the tank is basically discharged, close the exhaust valve and enter the cooking and sterillizer stage. The sterillizer time is generally 90 minutes. After sterillizer, close the intake valve, open the valve leading to the silencer, and drain the water and steam from the tank before opening the door of the sterillizer.
Threshing section:The purpose of threshing is to separate the oil palm fruit from the fruit string by strong vibration. The separated oil palm fruit is then fed to the cooking tank by the conveyor. The empty fruit string is discharged from the other end of the drum to the storage yard, or transported out of the plant for recycling of palm garden cover, or incineration on site as fertilizer to farmland.
Digester and cooking: the purpose of mashing and cooking is to tear the epidermis of the fruit, separate the pulp from the core and mash the pulp tissue, and heat it to soften the pulp and destroy the cellular structure of the pulp, which is beneficial to the precipitation of oil from the pulp tissue.
There is a feeder entrance on the upper part of the digester and an outlet port in the lower part. There is a central shaft with many axial batting rods in the digester, and there are many liner plates in the inner wall of the digester. The fruit particles mash the pulp under the action of stirring the baton and the collision of the liner. Crushing cooking equipment is a cylindrical tank with heating jacket. Indirect steam is inserted into the jacket for heating, and there is a direct steam nozzle in the tank to adjust moisture and temperature. After heating for 1 h, the temperature of the whole billet can reach about 90 ºC-95 ºC. The purpose of heating is to destroy the emulsification state of formed by oil and water in fruit tissue, to reduce the viscosity of oil, and to facilitate the flow and precipitation of oil.
Press section: after the above steps, palm fruit is sent to spiral press, oil brown fruit is divided into: oil, water, solid impurity mixture and cake (fiber and core). The continuous screw press is adopted. It has a horizontal box with holes, an 8-character cross-shaped box, with two screws in it, and a cake head at the slag discharge port of the box body. It can control the pressure to ensure that the residual oil in the cake is minimized, and it can also adjust the crushing rate of the fruit core to a reasonable range. Under the action of spiral pressure, the fried cake precipitated from the pulp tissue was extruded from the machine head, which contained the kernel (unruptured brown kernel oil), and the liquid part flowed out from the lower mouth. After filtration, it was sent to the butterfly centrifuge to obtain hairy palm oil. After pressing, the oil palm fruit is divided into two parts: the mixture of oil, water and solid impurities; the oil yield of fiber and kernel is 20% of crude palm oil and 2% of hairy palm kernel oil according to the fresh fruit of palm. The parameters of crude palm oil: orange color, semi-liquid oil, surface density (50 ºC): 0.8896 ≤ 0.8910, saponification value: (mgkoh/g oil) 190 × 202, iodine value (gz2/100g).
Crude oil purification section: this step is to get purer palm oil. The crude oil generally contains 66% oil, 24% water and 10% non-oil solid. The oil is washed by precipitation filtration and the fiber is separated from the oil. Then continuous precipitation clarification can be carried out to obtain oil and sediment. After centrifuge separation, the oil enters the vacuum to dry. Keep after drying. The precipitates are clarified twice, the oil precipitates are filtered, the contaminated oil is separated, the oil is settled twice, the dirty oil mixture is clarified and separated, and the skimmed oil is secondary settled. the sewage WeChat pump is treated with the sewage treatment tank.
The second treatment method: the wool brown oil is filtered by vibrating screen, and then the crude slag such as fiber is removed and then flows into the tank with indirect steam and direct steam. After purification, the mixture of brown oil and water is injected into the high tank by centrifugal pump to steady flow into the clarification tank. The clarified oil flows into the oil storage tank from the outlet of the clarified tank, removes the water from the oil through the disc separator, then cleans the oil through the plate heat exchanger, heats to 105 ºC, and drains the residual water in the oil from the vacuum dryer. The oil in vacuum drying is sucked by the shielded electric pump at the bottom and pumped to the storage tank.
The basic standard of palm crude oil in storage tank is that the acid value is less than 5%, the moisture content is between 0.1% and 0.2%, and the impurity should be less than 0.02%.
Fiber, fruit nut separation section: press cake through screw conveyor broken, into the air separation system. The separated fibers are sent to the boiler room as fuel. The kernels are transported to the warehouse for temporary storage. After the fiber cake residue falls into the broken cake winch, the cake residue is dispersed through the intermittent blade of the hanging dragon. In the process of forward transportation, the cake residue water vapor evaporates, and finally falls into the fiber and nuclear separator. The suction system composed of centrifugal fan and air net carries the fiber to the boiler room for combustion, while the brown core with larger specific gravity falls into the bucket hoist from the fiber and the other part of the nuclear separator and is transported to the nuclear seed tank, in which the wet core can be further blown dry by blowing air.
Nut recovery section: the softened nucleus should be softened and tempered before it is broken, and the softened nucleus will be divided into two or more valves after broken by a wavy crusher, and the kernel will be released. The broken mixture enters the broken mixture separation system, which adopts two-stage separation and water bath separation. After separation, the shell was obtained and sent to the storage bin for temporary storage, which was used as fuel for boiler room when needed, and the moisture content of kernel was reduced to less than 7% by hot air drying after separation. After drying, the kernel is sent to the kernel storage warehouse for storage. The brown kernel oil is extracted from brown kernel after peeling and separating, and the residual oil of fiber residue is about 10%. The oil can be extracted by solvent leaching. The core selected by the wind also needs to remove the stone, iron and branches.
Sewage treatment section: the content of organic matter in wastewater is very high, and the bod of biochemical oxygen consumption is about 25000ppm, which needs to be treated and qualified before it can be discharged. Storage tank sewage treatment system is the most widely used and effective treatment method at present. This kind of processing system is economical and affordable, only needs to provide sufficient space, the investment cost is small.
Storage of crude oil: during storage, after vacuum drying in the factory, the temperature of the oil is reduced to 45 ºC 50 ºC before entering the tank. After the oil is put into the tank, the constant temperature of 55 degrees can be kept, and some antioxidants can also be added to the oil to passivate trace metals in order to eliminate the oxidation of oil during storage. Matters needing attention in transportation and unloading: first, epoxy resin is used in the coating of the tank, and the cleaning of the tank should be checked before loading. Second, spray and cover with inert gas. Third, the loading of oil does not splash. Fourth, the oil temperature is kept at 32 °40 ºC during shipment. Heating the oil before loading increases its temperature at a rate not exceeding 5 ºC every 24 hours. Fifth, the loading temperature of oil does not exceed 55 ºC.
Refinery and franctionation of CPO
The crude oil can be refined and franctionation , and the high quality oil can be obtained. Fractionation can separate soft fat from steariness.
Palm oil products with different melting points, such as 8 degrees, 10 degrees, 14 degrees, 18 degrees, 24 degrees, 33 degrees, 44 degrees and 55 degrees, can be obtained by extracting palm oil from 8 degrees, 10 degrees, 14 degrees, 18 degrees, 24 degrees, 33 degrees, 44 degrees, 55 degrees and so on.
The basic process of refining is as follows:
1. The crude oil filter oil is heated to 30 ºC- 32 ºC and stirred at the rate of 60 r/min to remove the bubbles in the oil. Add 0.1% -0.2% phosphate (0.5% industrial phosphate) and stir for about 30 min.
2. Crude palm oil is generally not desegumed alone, although the phosphorus content is relatively low (generally less than 20ppm), but it is best to add 0.05% phosphate degumming before decolorization, which is helpful to improve the stability and frying resistance of the finished oil.
The mixture of 1.5% liquid caustic soda and 0.5% liquid sparkling alkali was refined. Stir quickly (60 r/min) for 10 min and then slow (27 r/min) for 40 min. After the precipitation was neutralized and stirred slowly for 40 min, the temperature was raised to 50 °52 ºC.
The stirring was stopped and the indirect steam was turned off after the oil soap was separated for about 10 min. After 6 hours of static precipitation, the oil soap was separated.
2.water washing
The purified oil after separation of soap foot was heated to 85 ºC under stirring, and then saline-alkali water (containing 0.4% caustic soda and 0.4% industrial salt) was added with 15% oil mass and 90 ºC temperature. After adding water, stop stirring and release the lower wastewater after 30 min. After the wastewater is discharged, the oil temperature is still controlled at 35 ºC, and then 15% boiling water (clean water) is sprayed. At the same time, the stirring stopped after adding water, and then the lower wastewater was removed after 0.5 h. Wash so twice or three times.
3.Decolorization: pigments are mainly carotenoids and chlorophyll. The above compounds are oxidized to form colored products. In addition, the interaction between pigments and oxidized oils often makes the oil brown. These pigments and their oxidation products can be removed by decolorization process.
Pre-decolorization: the clean oil after alkali smelting is inhaled into the pre-decolorizing pot and heated to 90 ºC by turning on the vacuum pump.
Drying and dehydration at a vacuum of 99 kpa for 30 min. Then absorb a small amount of acidic clay and stir for 20 min.. After pre-decolorization, the oil is cooled to 70 ºC in vacuum, and then the gear pump is fed into the filter press for filtration. The pre-decolorized oil was sucked into the decolorizing pot, the oil was heated to 90 ºC at a vacuum of 99 kpa (above 740 mm hg), and the acidic clay was inhaled 100 kg, active clay 60 kg (according to 6 t oil).
The oil was stirred for 10 min.. After decolorization, the oil is cooled to 70 ºC in vacuum and fed into the filter press by gear pump.
4. Stripping deodorization: deodorization is the production process of removing unpleasant odors and taste substances from oil.
The principle of deodorization of 201903291553822783841357.png oil is based on the vapor pressure of smelly components much higher than that of glycerol under the same conditions. Under the condition of high temperature and high vacuum, a certain amount of superheated direct steam is added, and the steam is exposed to the surface of steam and liquid through the oil containing smelly components. The steam is saturated by the smelly components and spilled according to its partial pressure to achieve the purpose of removing the smelly components. Smelly ingredients: the smell and taste of the oil itself. The oil contains a certain amount of noble flavor substances, such as hydrocarbons, sterols and tocopherols, but these substances have no unpleasant smell. There are also some residual free fatty acids after pre-processing or free fatty acids produced by mild hydrolysis during decolorization with acidic clay, which are usually removed during deodorization.
Turn on the vacuum pump to inhale the decolorizing oil into the deodorizer. When the oil is heated by indirect steam at 120 ºC, the direct steam is sprayed, the vacuum is maintained at 400 - 666 pa, and the oil temperature is controlled at 220 -°250 degrees, and the deodorization is about 3 - 5 h. After deodorization, the oil is cooled below 70 degrees in vacuum, and the deodorant oil is refined after safe filtration.
5. The franctionation section: palm oil is a mixture composed of many kinds of glyceride.
The high melting point is called "oil" in the form of liquid, while the low dissolving point exists in the form of solid semisolid, which is usually called "fat". At a certain temperature, the process of separating the oil into different glyceride components is the separation process. Yujiu oil extraction equipment can be used to process vegetable oil such as palm oil, palm kernel oil, cottonseed oil and animal oils such as fish oil, butter, lard and so on, in order to increase the added value of oil products. At present, it is more mature to separate and separate the oil by dry method, which slowly cools the dissolved oil to a certain extent, and then filters the method of separating crystallization and precipitating solid ester.
Basic flowchart:palm oil→heating→crystal→filter→olein
↓
stearin
Heating: Palm oil is semi-solid at room temperature. Saturated acid and unsaturated acid account for about 50% respectively. The composition of glycerol triester is 8% ≤ 10% for gs3, 48% for gs2u, 35% ≤ 39% for gsu2 and 7% ≤ 7.5% for gu3, respectively.
the composition of glycerol is about 8% × 10%, gs2u is about 48%, gsu 2 is 35% ≤ 39%, gu 3 is 7% ≤ 7.5%. The unique composition of palm oil determines its special crystallization process.
Palm oil is dissolved into liquid by heating, and palm oil is usually heated to about 70 degrees before crystallization to destroy all existing crystals.
Cooling crystallization: the key of dry extraction process is cooling crystallization, if the crystallization is successful, the separation is easy. The user sets the cooling curve according to the season and temperature in order to arrive at the product that conforms to the market sale.
In the process of processing, the cooling crystallization conditions will determine the beginning of nuclear crystallization, the number of crystals and the size of crystals. Cooling efficiency and order are the decisive factors to ensure the unique formation and filterability of crystals.
Under the condition of stirring and circulating water cooling, the cooling process is controlled by setting the temperature difference and cooling time between oil and cooling water, and the crystal nucleus is formed and grows slowly. When the required temperature is reached (depending on the desired soft grease quality, usually 20 degrees), stop cooling.
Filtration: after filtration, liquid oil and solid grease are obtained and stored respectively. It is important to control the cooling and crystallization conditions, and the selection of filtration equipment also has a great influence on the yield of liquid oil. At present, there are the following filtering systems used in industry: box filter and thin film filter.
Attached: several extraction palm oil parameters
58 degrees palm oil:
specific gravity: (60 ºC / 20 ºC water) 0.882, saponification value mgkoh/g:193, transparency: 80 ºC clarification transparent, odor, taste: Palm oil inherent smell, taste good, color (Rovipeng 133.4mm): y30, r3.0, moisture and volatile matter%: 0.04, impurity%: 0.043, melting point ºC: 57.6, free fatty acid (in palmitic acid) 0.25%, Acid value mgkoh/g:0.40, unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0, peroxide value meq/kg:5.26, iodine value (Wechlich method): 40G ≤ 100g. The fat content was ≥ 99%, palmitic acid (c16 ≤ 0) accounted for 67.056%, stearic acid (c18 ≤ 0) accounted for 4.905%, oleic acid (c18 ≤ 1) accounted for 17.116%, linoleic acid (c18 ≤ 2) accounted for 3.942%. Quality meets the requirements of gb15680-2009 standard, can be widely used in the chemical industry, can be used as soap, laundry soap, transparent soap, biodiesel, lubricant, papermaking auxiliaries, process candles, hydrogenated oil, stearic acid, glycerol and other raw materials.
52 degrees palm oil:
quality index: (1) specific gravity: (70 ºC / 25 ºC water) 0.875 (2) hard value, gi/100g:51 (3) saponification value, mgkoh/g:189 (4) transparent smell, good taste (6) color (rovipenne cell 133.4mm): y30, r3.0 (7) moisture and volatile%: .07 (8) impurity%: 0.09 (9) melting point ºC: 52 (10) acid value, Mgkoh/g:0.40 _ (11) unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) peroxide value, meq/kg:10, iodine value (Wechner's method): 40G ≤ 100g.
44 degrees palm oil:
quality index: (1) specific gravity: (60 ºC / 25 ºC water) 0.880 (2) hard value, gi/100g:53 (3) saponification value, mgkoh/g:187 (4) transparency: 55 ºC clarification transparent (5) odor, taste: gas 06 (8) impurity%: 0.05 (9) melting point ºC: 44 (10) acid value, mgkoh/g:0.28 (11) unsaponifiable matter%: 1.0 (12) peroxide value, Meq/kg:10
33 degrees palm oil
Quality index: (1) specific gravity: (50 ºC / 25 ºC water) 0.893 (2) hard value, gi/100g:54 (3) saponification value, mgkoh/g:184 (4) transparency: 45 ºC clarification transparent (5) smell, taste: smell, 04 (8) impurity%: 0.004 (9) melting point ºC: 33 (10) acid value, mgkoh/g:0.18 (11) unsaponifiable matter.
24 degrees palm oil:
Quality index: (1) specific gravity: (40 ºC / 25 ºC water) 0.902 (2) iodine value gi/100g:56 (3) saponification value, mgkoh/g:180 (4) transparency: 35 ºC clarification transparent (5) smell, taste: smell, taste good (6) color (Luo Weipeng 133.4mm): y30, R3.0 (7) moisture and volatile matter%: 0.03 (8) impurity%: 0.03 (9) melting point ºC: 24 (10) acid value mgkoh/g:0.16 (11) unsoap%: 1.0 (12) peroxide value, meq/kg:10. In line with the requirements of the new national food standards, can be widely used in the food industry.
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