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Palm oil is a kind of tropical woody vegetable oil, which is the largest variety of vegetable oil produced, consumed and internationally traded in the world at present. With soybean oil and rapeseed oil, it is also known as "the three major vegetable oils in the world". It has a edible history of more than 5,000 years.
The fresh palm fruit string is 100% of the total palm fruit string, the proportion of empty fruit string is 23%, the palm fruit is 65%), and the palm oil content of the whole palm fruit string is (26%), and the palm kernel oil content is 3.25%.
Preparation Technology and equipment of Palm crude Oil
The traditional process adopts steam brake fermentation, the technology is mature, the disadvantage is to produce a lot of wastewater, has a great impact on the environment.
The process mainly has the following sections. Raw material storage section: fresh palm fruit is measured and recorded into the factory by pound room, and the measured palm fruit string is unloaded to the loading slope and stored.
Sterilizer section: place palm fruit string in horizontal killing enzyme tank or vertical sterillizer for 90-120 minutes. The purpose of sterillizer is to destroy lipase to avoid the increase of free fatty acid content in oil; high temperature sterillizer can make the fruit soft and facilitate mechanical granulation; pretreatment of pericarp to prepare for subsequent processing; preconditioning of fruit core to reduce kernel damage.
sterillizer process: after palm fruit enters the sterillizer, closes thesterillizer to close the door quickly, opens the exhaust valve below the sterillizer, and then passes into the saturated steam of pressure 3bar (temperature about 145 ºC). After the cold air in the tank is basically discharged, close the exhaust valve and enter the cooking and sterillizer stage. The sterillizer time is generally 90 minutes. After sterillizer, close the intake valve, open the valve leading to the silencer, and drain the water and steam from the tank before opening the door of the sterillizer.
Threshing section:The purpose of threshing is to separate the oil palm fruit from the fruit string by strong vibration. The separated oil palm fruit is then fed to the cooking tank by the conveyor. The empty fruit string is discharged from the other end of the drum to the storage yard, or transported out of the plant for recycling of palm garden cover, or incineration on site as fertilizer to farmland.
Digester and cooking: the purpose of mashing and cooking is to tear the epidermis of the fruit, separate the pulp from the core and mash the pulp tissue, and heat it to soften the pulp and destroy the cellular structure of the pulp, which is beneficial to the precipitation of oil from the pulp tissue.
There is a feeder entrance on the upper part of the digester and an outlet port in the lower part. There is a central shaft with many axial batting rods in the digester, and there are many liner plates in the inner wall of the digester. The fruit particles mash the pulp under the action of stirring the baton and the collision of the liner. Crushing cooking equipment is a cylindrical tank with heating jacket. Indirect steam is inserted into the jacket for heating, and there is a direct steam nozzle in the tank to adjust moisture and temperature. After heating for 1 h, the temperature of the whole billet can reach about 90 ºC-95 ºC. The purpose of heating is to destroy the emulsification state of formed by oil and water in fruit tissue, to reduce the viscosity of oil, and to facilitate the flow and precipitation of oil.
Press section: after the above steps, palm fruit is sent to spiral press, oil brown fruit is divided into: oil, water, solid impurity mixture and cake (fiber and core). The continuous screw press is adopted. It has a horizontal box with holes, an 8-character cross-shaped box, with two screws in it, and a cake head at the slag discharge port of the box body. It can control the pressure to ensure that the residual oil in the cake is minimized, and it can also adjust the crushing rate of the fruit core to a reasonable range. Under the action of spiral pressure, the fried cake precipitated from the pulp tissue was extruded from the machine head, which contained the kernel (unruptured brown kernel oil), and the liquid part flowed out from the lower mouth. After filtration, it was sent to the butterfly centrifuge to obtain hairy palm oil. After pressing, the oil palm fruit is divided into two parts: the mixture of oil, water and solid impurities; the oil yield of fiber and kernel is 20% of crude palm oil and 2% of hairy palm kernel oil according to the fresh fruit of palm. The parameters of crude palm oil: orange color, semi-liquid oil, surface density (50 ºC): 0.8896 ≤ 0.8910, saponification value: (mgkoh/g oil) 190 × 202, iodine value (gz2/100g).
Crude oil purification section: this step is to get purer palm oil. The crude oil generally contains 66% oil, 24% water and 10% non-oil solid. The oil is washed by precipitation filtration and the fiber is separated from the oil. Then continuous precipitation clarification can be carried out to obtain oil and sediment. After centrifuge separation, the oil enters the vacuum to dry. Keep after drying. The precipitates are clarified twice, the oil precipitates are filtered, the contaminated oil is separated, the oil is settled twice, the dirty oil mixture is clarified and separated, and the skimmed oil is secondary settled. the sewage WeChat pump is treated with the sewage treatment tank.
The second treatment method: the wool brown oil is filtered by vibrating screen, and then the crude slag such as fiber is removed and then flows into the tank with indirect steam and direct steam. After purification, the mixture of brown oil and water is injected into the high tank by centrifugal pump to steady flow into the clarification tank. The clarified oil flows into the oil storage tank from the outlet of the clarified tank, removes the water from the oil through the disc separator, then cleans the oil through the plate heat exchanger, heats to 105 ºC, and drains the residual water in the oil from the vacuum dryer. The oil in vacuum drying is sucked by the shielded electric pump at the bottom and pumped to the storage tank.
The basic standard of palm crude oil in storage tank is that the acid value is less than 5%, the moisture content is between 0.1% and 0.2%, and the impurity should be less than 0.02%.
Fiber, fruit nut separation section: press cake through screw conveyor broken, into the air separation system. The separated fibers are sent to the boiler room as fuel. The kernels are transported to the warehouse for temporary storage. After the fiber cake residue falls into the broken cake winch, the cake residue is dispersed through the intermittent blade of the hanging dragon. In the process of forward transportation, the cake residue water vapor evaporates, and finally falls into the fiber and nuclear separator. The suction system composed of centrifugal fan and air net carries the fiber to the boiler room for combustion, while the brown core with larger specific gravity falls into the bucket hoist from the fiber and the other part of the nuclear separator and is transported to the nuclear seed tank, in which the wet core can be further blown dry by blowing air.
Nut recovery section: the softened nucleus should be softened and tempered before it is broken, and the softened nucleus will be divided into two or more valves after broken by a wavy crusher, and the kernel will be released. The broken mixture enters the broken mixture separation system, which adopts two-stage separation and water bath separation. After separation, the shell was obtained and sent to the storage bin for temporary storage, which was used as fuel for boiler room when needed, and the moisture content of kernel was reduced to less than 7% by hot air drying after separation. After drying, the kernel is sent to the kernel storage warehouse for storage. The brown kernel oil is extracted from brown kernel after peeling and separating, and the residual oil of fiber residue is about 10%. The oil can be extracted by solvent leaching. The core selected by the wind also needs to remove the stone, iron and branches.
Sewage treatment section: the content of organic matter in wastewater is very high, and the bod of biochemical oxygen consumption is about 25000ppm, which needs to be treated and qualified before it can be discharged. Storage tank sewage treatment system is the most widely used and effective treatment method at present. This kind of processing system is economical and affordable, only needs to provide sufficient space, the investment cost is small.
Storage of crude oil: during storage, after vacuum drying in the factory, the temperature of the oil is reduced to 45 ºC 50 ºC before entering the tank. After the oil is put into the tank, the constant temperature of 55 degrees can be kept, and some antioxidants can also be added to the oil to passivate trace metals in order to eliminate the oxidation of oil during storage. Matters needing attention in transportation and unloading: first, epoxy resin is used in the coating of the tank, and the cleaning of the tank should be checked before loading. Second, spray and cover with inert gas. Third, the loading of oil does not splash. Fourth, the oil temperature is kept at 32 °40 ºC during shipment. Heating the oil before loading increases its temperature at a rate not exceeding 5 ºC every 24 hours. Fifth, the loading temperature of oil does not exceed 55 ºC.
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